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Lebanon - Wikipedia. Coordinates: 3. 3°5. N3. 5°5. 0′E / 3. N 3. 5. 8. 33°E / 3.

Lebanon ( ( listen); Arabic: لبنان‎‎ Lubnān; Lebanese pronunciation: [lɪbˈnæːn]; French: Liban), officially known as the Lebanese Republic[nb 2] (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية‎‎ al- Jumhūrīyah al- Lubnānīyah; Lebanese pronunciation: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbnæːnɪjje]; French: République libanaise), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabianhinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.[8] At just 1. Asian continent.[nb 3][9][1. The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years, predating recorded history.[1. Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms, a maritime culture that flourished for over a thousand years (c. BC). In 6. 4 BC, the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire, and eventually became one of the Empire's leading centers of Christianity.

In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established. As the Arab. Muslims conquered the region, the Maronites held onto their religion and identity. However, a new religious group, the Druze, established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well, generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries. During the Crusades, the Maronites re- established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome. The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era. The region eventually was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1. Following the collapse of the empire after World War I, the five provinces that constitute modern Lebanon came under the French Mandate of Lebanon.

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The French expanded the borders of the Mount Lebanon Governorate, which was mostly populated by Maronites and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1. Consociationalism- type of political system with a power- sharing mechanism based on religious communities. Bechara El Khoury, President of Lebanon during the independence, Riad El- Solh, first Lebanese prime minister and Emir Majid Arslan II, first Lebanese minister of defence, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. Foreign troops withdrew completely from Lebanon on 3.

December 1. 94. 6.[1. Lebanon has been a member of the Organisation internationale de la francophonie since 1. Despite its small size,[1. Arab world. Before the Lebanese Civil War (1. Because of its financial power and diversity in its heyday, Lebanon was referred to as the "Switzerland of the East" during the 1.

Beirut, attracted so many tourists that it was known as "the Paris of the Middle East".[1. At the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure.[1. In spite of these troubles, Lebanon has the highest Human Development Index and GDP per capita in the Arab world, to the exclusion of the oil- rich economies of the Persian Gulf. Etymology. The name of Mount Lebanon originates from the Phoenician root lbn (𐤋𐤁𐤍) meaning "white", apparently from its snow- capped peaks.[1. Occurrences of the name have been found in different Middle Bronze Age texts from the library of Ebla,[1. Epic of Gilgamesh. The name is recorded in Ancient Egyptian as Rmnn, where R stood for Canaanite L.[2.

The name occurs nearly 7. Hebrew Bible, as לְבָנוֹן.[2. Lebanon as the name of an administrative unit (as opposed to the mountain range) was introduced with the Ottoman reforms of 1.

Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate (Arabic: متصرفية جبل لبنان ‎‎; Turkish: Cebel- i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı), continued in the name of the State of Greater Lebanon (Arabic: دولة لبنان الكبير‎‎ Dawlat Lubnān al- Kabīr; French: État du Grand Liban) in 1. Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية‎‎ al- Jumhūrīyah al- Lubnānīyah) upon its independence in 1. History. The borders of contemporary Lebanon are a product of the Treaty of Sèvres of 1. Its territory was the core of the Bronze Age Phoenician (Canaanite) city- states.

As part of the Levant, it was part of numerous succeeding empires throughout ancient history, including the Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Achaemenid Persian, Hellenistic, Roman and Sasanid Persian empires. After the 7th- century Muslim conquest of the Levant, it was part of the Rashidun, Umyayad, Abbasid. The Smurfs Christmas Special Full Movie Online Free here.

Seljuk and Fatimid empires. The crusader state of the County of Tripoli, founded by Raymond IV of Toulouse in 1. Lebanon, falling to the Mamluk Sultanate in 1.

Ottoman Empire in 1. With the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Greater Lebanon fell under French mandate in 1. Bechara El Khoury in 1. Lebanon's history since independence has been marked by alternating periods of political stability and prosperity based on Beirut's position as a regional center for finance and trade, interspersed with political turmoil and armed conflict (1.

Arab–Israeli War, Lebanese Civil War 1. Cedar Revolution, 2. Lebanon War, 2. 00. Lebanon conflict, 2. Lebanese protests, 2.

Lebanon, and since 2. Syrian Civil War spillover). Ancient Lebanon. Map of Phoenicia and trade routes. Evidence of an early settlement in Lebanon was found in Byblos, which is considered to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.[1. The evidence dates back to earlier than 5. BC. Archaeologists discovered remnants of prehistoric huts with crushed limestone floors, primitive weapons, and burial jars left by the Neolithic and Chalcolithic fishing communities who lived on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea over 7,0. Lebanon was a part of northern Canaan, and consequently became the homeland of Canaanite descendants – the Phoenicians, a seafaring people that spread across the Mediterranean before the rise of Cyrus the Great.[2.

Their most famous colonies were Carthage in what is present- day Tunisia and Cádiz in present- day Spain. The Canaanite- Phoenicians are also known as the inventors of the alphabet, among many other things. The area of present- day Lebanon and the wider Eastern Mediterranean were subjugated by Cyrus in 5. BCE.[2. 4] The Persians forced some of its population to migrate to Carthage, which remained a powerful nation until the Second Punic War. After two centuries of Persian rule, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great attacked and burned Tyre, the most prominent Phoenician city. He conquered what is now Lebanon and other nearby regions of the Eastern Mediterranean in 3. BCE.[2. 4]Maronites, Druze, and the Crusades.

The Fall of Tripoli to the Egyptian Mamluks and destruction of the Crusader state, the County of Tripoli, 1. The region that is now Lebanon, as with the rest of Syria and much of Anatolia, became a major center of Christianity in the Roman Empire during the early spread of the religion. During the late 4th and early 5th century, a hermit named Maron established a monastic tradition, focused on the importance of monotheism and asceticism, near the Mediterranean mountain range known as Mount Lebanon. The monks who followed Maron spread his teachings among Lebanese in the region. These Christians came to be known as Maronites and moved into mountains to avoid religious persecution by Roman authorities.[2.

During the frequent Roman- Persian Wars that lasted for many centuries, the Sassanid Persians occupied what is now Lebanon from 6. During the 7th century the Muslim Arabs conquered Syria establishing a new regime to replace the Byzantines. Though Islam and the Arabic language were officially dominant under this new regime, the general populace still took time to convert from Christianity and the Syriac language. The Maronite community in particular managed to maintain a large degree of autonomy despite the succession of rulers over Lebanon and Syria.