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Manhattan Project - Wikipedia. The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1. 94. 2 to 1. Major General. Leslie Groves of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.

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Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs. The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District; "Manhattan" gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project. Along the way, the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart, Tube Alloys. The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1. US $2 billion (about $2.

Over 9. 0% of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material, with less than 1. Research and production took place at more than 3. United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war: a relatively simple gun- type fission weapon and a more complex implosion- type nuclear weapon. The Thin Man gun- type design proved impractical to use with plutonium so a simpler gun- type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium- 2.

Chemically identical to the most common isotope, uranium- 2. Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment: electromagnetic, gaseous and thermal. Most of this work was performed at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium. After the feasibility of the world's first artificial nuclear reactor was demonstrated in Chicago at the Metallurgical Laboratory, it designed the X- 1.

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• The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the.
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Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge and the production reactors in Hanford, Washington, in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into plutonium. The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium. The Fat Man implosion- type weapon was developed in a concerted design and development effort by the Los Alamos Laboratory. The project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear weapon project. Through Operation Alsos, Manhattan Project personnel served in Europe, sometimes behind enemy lines, where they gathered nuclear materials and documents, and rounded up German scientists. Despite the Manhattan Project's tight security, Soviet atomic spies successfully penetrated the program. The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion- type bomb at the Trinity test, conducted at New Mexico's Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 1.

July 1. 94. 5. Little Boy and Fat Man bombs were used a month later in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. In the immediate postwar years, the Manhattan Project conducted weapons testing at Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads, developed new weapons, promoted the development of the network of national laboratories, supported medical research into radiology and laid the foundations for the nuclear navy. It maintained control over American atomic weapons research and production until the formation of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in January 1. Origins. The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1. Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility. There were fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop one first, especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries.

In August 1. 93. 9, Hungarian- born physicists Leó Szilárd and Eugene Wigner drafted the Einstein–Szilárd letter, which warned of the potential development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type". It urged the United States to take steps to acquire stockpiles of uranium ore and accelerate the research of Enrico Fermi and others into nuclear chain reactions. They had it signed by Albert Einstein and delivered to President. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt called on Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards to head the Advisory Committee on Uranium to investigate the issues raised by the letter. Briggs held a meeting on 2. October 1. 93. 9, which was attended by Szilárd, Wigner and Edward Teller.

The committee reported back to Roosevelt in November that uranium "would provide a possible source of bombs with a destructiveness vastly greater than anything now known."[3]The Advisory Committee on Uranium became the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) Committee on Uranium when that organization was formed on 2. June 1. 94. 0.[4] Briggs proposed spending $1.

On 2. 8 June 1. 94. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD),[6] with Vannevar Bush as its director. The office was empowered to engage in large engineering projects in addition to research.[5] The NDRC Committee on Uranium became the S- 1 Section of the OSRD; the word "uranium" was dropped for security reasons.[7]In Britain, Frisch and Rudolf Peierls at the University of Birmingham had made a breakthrough investigating the critical mass of uranium- 2. June 1. 93. 9.[8] Their calculations indicated that it was within an order of magnitude of 1.

Their March 1. 94. Frisch–Peierls memorandum initiated the British atomic bomb project and its Maud Committee,[1. In July 1. 94. 0, Britain had offered to give the United States access to its scientific research, and the Tizard Mission's John Cockcroft briefed American scientists on British developments. He discovered that the American project was smaller than the British, and not as far advanced. As part of the scientific exchange, the Maud Committee's findings were conveyed to the United States. One of its members, the Australian physicist Mark Oliphant, flew to the United States in late August 1.

Maud Committee had not reached key American physicists. Oliphant then set out to find out why the committee's findings were apparently being ignored. Watch Django Unchained Online Hollywoodreporter. He met with the Uranium Committee and visited Berkeley, California, where he spoke persuasively to Ernest O.

Lawrence. Lawrence was sufficiently impressed to commence his own research into uranium. He in turn spoke to James B. Conant, Arthur H. Compton and George B. Pegram. Oliphant's mission was therefore a success; key American physicists were now aware of the potential power of an atomic bomb.[1. On 9 October 1. 94. President Roosevelt approved the atomic program after he convened a meeting with Vannevar Bush and Vice President Henry A.

Wallace. To control the program, he created a Top Policy Group consisting of himself—although he never attended a meeting—Wallace, Bush, Conant, Secretary of War. Henry L. Stimson, and the Chief of Staff of the Army, General. George C. Marshall. Roosevelt chose the Army to run the project rather than the Navy, because the Army had more experience with management of large- scale construction projects. He also agreed to coordinate the effort with that of the British, and on 1.

October he sent a message to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, suggesting that they correspond on atomic matters.[1. Feasibility. Proposals. The S- 1 Committee held its meeting on 1. December 1. 94. 1 "pervaded by an atmosphere of enthusiasm and urgency"[1. Pearl Harbor and the subsequent United States declaration of war upon Japan and then on Germany.[1.

Work was proceeding on three different techniques for isotope separation to separate uranium- 2. Lawrence and his team at the University of California, Berkeley, investigated electromagnetic separation, while Eger Murphree and Jesse Wakefield Beams's team looked into gaseous diffusion at Columbia University, and Philip Abelson directed research into thermal diffusion at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and later the Naval Research Laboratory.[1. Murphree was also the head of an unsuccessful separation project using gas centrifuges.[1.